1
00:00:50,325 --> 00:00:54,765
Beneath the Yucatan Peninsula
of Mexico...

2
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...lies another world.

3
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A labyrinth of caves...

4
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...carved by freshwater...

5
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...and essential for life on Earth.

6
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Freshwater shapes the land
and the creatures that live in it...

7
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...in the most surprising ways.

8
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The rainforest of Costa Rica.

9
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As you might expect,
it rains most days.

10
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But it's only during the wet season

11
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that the rains become torrential.

12
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And with them...

13
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...comes a most remarkable creature.

14
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Gliding tree frogs.

15
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Thousands drop in...

16
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...to gather at this
newly-formed pond.

17
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They all have an urgent need.

18
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To breed.

19
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This female needs to find a leaf

20
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and lay her eggs.

21
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The breeding frenzy
will only last one day...

22
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...so she needs to get a move on.

23
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There are lots of eager males.

24
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Nine for every female.

25
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And all are ready to
spring into action.

26
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So, for her, getting
a partner is no problem.

27
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But the other males are desperate.

28
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For this female,
mating is rather chaotic.

29
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Things are getting out of hand.

30
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There is one way to deal with this.

31
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A few well-placed kicks...

32
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...usually does the job.

33
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Problem solved.

34
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She and her partner can now
finally mate...

35
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...in relative peace.

36
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The eggs are positioned perfectly...

37
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...directly overhanging the pond.

38
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This is the ideal nursery
for tadpoles.

39
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For now, her work here is done.

40
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She'll be back next year
when the heavy rains return.

41
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As quickly as freshwater appears...

42
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...it can vanish.

43
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Southeast Sri Lanka.

44
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It's the middle of the dry season.

45
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This is the only remaining
water hole for miles around.

46
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Mugger crocodiles -

47
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giants, five metres long.

48
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Dozens are hiding...

49
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...beneath the surface.

50
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And others...

51
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...are on their way.

52
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This male has been
travelling for hours.

53
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The water hole is the only place
where he has a chance

54
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to catch a deer.

55
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A single adult would be enough to
feed him for the entire dry season.

56
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{\an8}But hunting prey that
knows you're here...

57
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...requires something
truly remarkable.

58
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He creates...

59
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...a trap.

60
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He digs down into the mud...

61
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...deep enough to hide
beneath the vegetation.

62
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Perfect camouflage.

63
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He has built his trap
right on the water's edge...

64
00:12:36,765 --> 00:12:41,365
...so it's the first place that
thirsty deer will come to drink.

65
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These crocodiles
have learned to exploit

66
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the deer's desperate need
for freshwater.

67
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Freshwater transforms not only
the lives of animals...

68
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...but entire landscapes.

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Every year,
over a trillion litres of water

70
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flow into the Kalahari Desert.

71
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It has travelled a thousand miles
from where it fell as rain.

72
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And on arrival...

73
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...it turns the Kalahari...

74
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...into a vast oasis.

75
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The Okavango Delta.

76
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These waters attract
millions of animals.

77
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And for some, now is
the perfect time to raise a family.

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{\an8}A lily-trotter.

79
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And he is a father...

80
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...on duty.

81
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He has not just one...

82
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...but four newly-hatched chicks.

83
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They won't be able to fly
for another six weeks...

84
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...so, until then, he alone
is their protector.

85
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Walking on water
is not straightforward...

86
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...so he must show them how
to be a lily-trotter.

87
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The floodwaters make the perfect
training ground.

88
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And in two weeks...

89
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...his chicks not only
double in size...

90
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...they grow in confidence.

91
00:19:26,045 --> 00:19:30,045
But this is a dangerous place
to stray.

92
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He sounds the alarm,

93
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and his chicks instantly freeze.

94
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They can't yet fly to safety.

95
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But there is one thing
he can do to protect them.

96
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And it's risky.

97
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Get close enough to distract...

98
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...and hopefully divert
the crocodile.

99
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Mission accomplished.

100
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He signals the all clear.

101
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But one chick is missing.

102
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His calls...

103
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...go unanswered.

104
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A little bedraggled
but alive and well.

105
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His chick just hadn't heard
his call.

106
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And when danger threatens,

107
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its always better
to be safe than sorry.

108
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{\an8}He's brought his chicks,
all four of them,

109
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to the verge of independence.

110
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Whilst lily-trotters
are well adapted

111
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to life in this flooded world...

112
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...these residents of the delta
are not.

113
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African painted dogs.

114
00:24:14,285 --> 00:24:18,045
Normally, they are remarkably
successful hunters.

115
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But this pack of five
hasn't eaten in days.

116
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Finding prey isn't the problem.

117
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This herd of lechwe is only
a few hundred metres away.

118
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But between them is deep water.

119
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It's not safe to cross here.

120
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On dry land,
the dogs can run at over 40mph.

121
00:27:27,525 --> 00:27:32,525
But when threatened, lechwe always
seek the safety of water.

122
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With their splayed hooves
and long hind legs,

123
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they can power their way
through the water.

124
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The dogs can't.

125
00:28:12,045 --> 00:28:16,325
The pack won't be able
to outswim the lechwe.

126
00:28:19,365 --> 00:28:21,765
But they do have a strategy.

127
00:28:42,765 --> 00:28:47,045
The dogs drive the lechwe to
where they have the advantage.

128
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Back towards dry land.

129
00:28:59,285 --> 00:29:03,045
Now the pack can regain lost ground.

130
00:29:50,645 --> 00:29:56,045
Success today, but tomorrow
the pack will need to hunt again.

131
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In the Okavango,

132
00:30:01,485 --> 00:30:07,045
animals must always adapt to the
coming and going of freshwater.

133
00:30:11,765 --> 00:30:16,765
But there are a few rare places,
as here in Lake Malawi,

134
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where freshwater has lain
for millions of years.

135
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And that has enabled life to evolve

136
00:30:26,525 --> 00:30:30,765
into a dazzling diversity
of species.

137
00:30:37,445 --> 00:30:41,045
There are over a thousand
different kinds of fish here...

138
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...more than any other lake on Earth.

139
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Competition in these waters
is intense.

140
00:31:22,925 --> 00:31:27,285
Meet Nimbochromis livingstonii.

141
00:31:30,525 --> 00:31:32,805
A master of deception

142
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that tricks other fish
into thinking it's dead.

143
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Its mottled colouration
mimics decaying flesh.

144
00:31:51,525 --> 00:31:53,925
But to appear dead...

145
00:31:57,045 --> 00:31:58,925
...one must at least...

146
00:31:59,925 --> 00:32:01,965
...act dead.

147
00:32:05,525 --> 00:32:08,685
This juvenile is fooling no-one.

148
00:32:13,845 --> 00:32:18,045
Perhaps faking his death
will be more believable.

149
00:32:44,045 --> 00:32:45,685
Blown it.

150
00:32:56,045 --> 00:32:59,045
A more subtle performance
will be needed.

151
00:33:12,285 --> 00:33:14,885
This is more convincing.

152
00:33:27,405 --> 00:33:30,285
But his aim must be better
than that.

153
00:33:37,685 --> 00:33:39,205
Nearly.

154
00:33:46,765 --> 00:33:49,605
It seems he's overstayed
his welcome.

155
00:34:22,685 --> 00:34:24,885
{\an8}In a final effort...

156
00:34:24,885 --> 00:34:28,285
{\an8}...he appears to even
hold his breath.

157
00:34:49,045 --> 00:34:51,525
Success at last.

158
00:35:11,285 --> 00:35:15,525
All it took was a million years
of evolution...

159
00:35:24,285 --> 00:35:29,045
...and the unique stability
of this ancient lake.

160
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Off the western coast
of Equatorial Africa

161
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lies the volcanic island of Bioko.

162
00:35:56,045 --> 00:36:00,365
Freshwater here has
a turbulent nature.

163
00:36:36,045 --> 00:36:39,525
Few venture into such waters,

164
00:36:39,525 --> 00:36:44,045
but for those that do,
there can be great rewards.

165
00:36:47,045 --> 00:36:50,205
After months feeding and growing
out at sea,

166
00:36:50,205 --> 00:36:53,285
these gobies are ready to breed.

167
00:36:56,525 --> 00:36:59,685
And the safest place
to lay their eggs

168
00:36:59,685 --> 00:37:03,525
is somewhere that
ocean predators can't reach.

169
00:37:06,045 --> 00:37:08,525
The top of this waterfall.

170
00:37:14,285 --> 00:37:17,765
Surely an impossible journey
for a fish.

171
00:37:21,765 --> 00:37:27,165
But over the coming days,
the gobies transform themselves.

172
00:37:30,285 --> 00:37:32,125
They change colour.

173
00:37:37,045 --> 00:37:43,045
Their mouth rotates and acts
like a kind of suction cup...

174
00:37:44,525 --> 00:37:47,045
...which they will certainly need.

175
00:37:52,525 --> 00:37:56,565
Because the only way... is up.

176
00:38:17,765 --> 00:38:21,045
It is 30 metres to the top.

177
00:38:27,525 --> 00:38:31,085
They are only an inch long.

178
00:38:34,045 --> 00:38:38,525
This is the equivalent of
a human being scaling a waterfall

179
00:38:38,525 --> 00:38:40,525
over a mile high.

180
00:38:50,045 --> 00:38:52,765
Millions attempt the climb...

181
00:38:54,045 --> 00:38:57,685
...but less than 1% will make it.

182
00:39:07,285 --> 00:39:10,845
This goby has been
climbing for days.

183
00:39:19,285 --> 00:39:21,005
Made it!

184
00:39:25,365 --> 00:39:29,765
Those that reach the top
can now prepare to breed.

185
00:39:33,045 --> 00:39:38,285
And when the time comes, their young
will be washed back out to sea.

186
00:39:59,285 --> 00:40:02,045
The extraordinary power
of flowing water

187
00:40:02,045 --> 00:40:05,525
makes it our planet's
greatest architect.

188
00:40:26,045 --> 00:40:30,525
This may look like the surface
of an alien planet...

189
00:40:43,525 --> 00:40:49,205
...but these strange patterns
are channels of freshwater...

190
00:40:51,365 --> 00:40:53,765
...flowing towards the sea.

191
00:41:08,045 --> 00:41:11,045
For 3.8 billion years,

192
00:41:11,045 --> 00:41:13,925
ever since the first rains fell...

193
00:41:15,285 --> 00:41:18,685
...freshwater has been
making this journey.

194
00:41:34,285 --> 00:41:39,045
But today, two thirds
of our world's great rivers

195
00:41:39,045 --> 00:41:41,685
no longer reach the sea.

196
00:42:14,045 --> 00:42:18,285
There is a finite amount
of freshwater on Earth...

197
00:42:30,525 --> 00:42:34,365
...so humans have devised
extraordinary means

198
00:42:34,365 --> 00:42:40,045
to ensure that it is always
available to meet our every demand.

199
00:42:50,325 --> 00:42:53,525
We now control freshwater...

200
00:42:55,045 --> 00:42:57,285
...on a colossal scale.

201
00:43:02,045 --> 00:43:05,045
The largest irrigation system
on Earth

202
00:43:05,045 --> 00:43:08,445
has been built here in Pakistan.

203
00:43:17,525 --> 00:43:21,365
A vast network of dams and canals...

204
00:43:24,045 --> 00:43:28,525
...that diverts and drains
the great Indus River.

205
00:43:34,525 --> 00:43:39,285
It's used to irrigate an area
the size of England.

206
00:43:44,045 --> 00:43:46,885
This man-made freshwater world

207
00:43:46,885 --> 00:43:49,765
provides water and a livelihood

208
00:43:49,765 --> 00:43:52,005
for millions of people...

209
00:43:59,965 --> 00:44:03,765
...but at a cost
to the natural world.

210
00:44:16,525 --> 00:44:22,045
A rare creature has become stranded
in this irrigation canal.

211
00:44:25,525 --> 00:44:28,485
And the water will soon be gone,

212
00:44:28,485 --> 00:44:32,045
used to supply the surrounding land.

213
00:44:38,285 --> 00:44:43,285
Endangered, they number fewer
than 2,000 individuals.

214
00:44:48,765 --> 00:44:51,365
An Indus river dolphin.

215
00:45:05,285 --> 00:45:11,045
This female dolphin is 150 miles
from the main river.

216
00:45:14,765 --> 00:45:17,405
She can't return on her own,

217
00:45:17,405 --> 00:45:22,525
so the only option is for
this rescue team to take her.

218
00:45:46,525 --> 00:45:50,365
Out of water,
she cannot survive for long.

219
00:45:57,045 --> 00:46:00,445
The journey back to the river
will take hours.

220
00:46:10,045 --> 00:46:14,765
Her life now depends
on these people.

221
00:48:05,765 --> 00:48:11,565
Nearly 30 dolphins had to be
rescued in one month alone.

222
00:48:41,765 --> 00:48:46,285
Freshwater is not only
a resource for humans.

223
00:48:52,285 --> 00:48:57,045
It is the home for
countless species

224
00:48:57,045 --> 00:49:02,205
that simply cannot survive
without it.

225
00:49:21,045 --> 00:49:24,805
Freshwater is the lifeblood

226
00:49:24,805 --> 00:49:27,285
of Planet Earth.

227
00:49:49,045 --> 00:49:53,525
To film the story of the most
endangered freshwater dolphin,

228
00:49:53,525 --> 00:49:58,285
the Planet Earth team joined the
world's leading expert - Uzma Khan.

229
00:49:58,285 --> 00:50:02,525
The first time I saw Indus dolphin,
I was just amazed.

230
00:50:02,525 --> 00:50:04,525
It's a beautiful creature, you know,

231
00:50:04,525 --> 00:50:07,245
it's like love at first sight.
It's so unique.

232
00:50:08,765 --> 00:50:12,765
Uzma has been studying
the last remaining population

233
00:50:12,765 --> 00:50:14,765
for over 20 years.

234
00:50:16,285 --> 00:50:19,965
There's a dolphin that surfaced
just right there.

235
00:50:19,965 --> 00:50:24,565
Indus river dolphin
can only live in freshwater.

236
00:50:24,565 --> 00:50:27,765
It is only found in Pakistan
and nowhere else.

237
00:50:27,765 --> 00:50:32,045
And we only have about 2,000
of them left in the Indus River.

238
00:50:32,045 --> 00:50:36,245
So, you know, each individual
is special.

239
00:50:38,325 --> 00:50:43,325
Following the dolphins in the murky
water is extremely challenging.

240
00:50:44,325 --> 00:50:47,325
They only surface for a split second

241
00:50:47,325 --> 00:50:51,045
and that makes protecting them
difficult, too.

242
00:50:51,045 --> 00:50:57,045
Their greatest threat is becoming
trapped in the irrigation canals.

243
00:50:58,045 --> 00:51:00,805
But Uzma may have a solution,

244
00:51:00,805 --> 00:51:04,045
and teams up with a rescue unit...

245
00:51:05,045 --> 00:51:08,725
...to attempt something
never done before.

246
00:51:11,085 --> 00:51:14,045
This is the first time
we'll be putting satellite tags

247
00:51:14,045 --> 00:51:16,045
on river dolphins in Asia.

248
00:51:16,045 --> 00:51:19,045
Sensors has not been tested
on this species,

249
00:51:19,045 --> 00:51:22,365
there's a little bit of anxiety,
but if they work,

250
00:51:22,365 --> 00:51:25,365
then it's going to be a breakthrough
for conservation.

251
00:51:28,405 --> 00:51:33,405
Uzma has been developing
a suitable tag for over ten years

252
00:51:33,405 --> 00:51:37,525
and hopes it will help her
collect critical data

253
00:51:37,525 --> 00:51:41,045
on how the dolphins are moving
through the dams and canals.

254
00:51:42,285 --> 00:51:47,285
But in order to tag, she will
first need a successful rescue.

255
00:51:57,045 --> 00:52:01,605
I'm usually very concerned
when a rescue is happening.

256
00:52:11,525 --> 00:52:14,045
You know, the divers,
they are very experienced,

257
00:52:14,045 --> 00:52:16,845
but a part of me is always
very worried.

258
00:52:18,285 --> 00:52:21,525
They are wild animals
that have never been handled.

259
00:52:23,445 --> 00:52:26,525
It's really quite a risky thing
that they're undertaking here.

260
00:52:26,525 --> 00:52:28,765
There's a good chance
the dolphin might die.

261
00:52:28,765 --> 00:52:31,525
But, of course, they're balancing
that against the fact

262
00:52:31,525 --> 00:52:34,045
that they definitely will die
if they stay in here,

263
00:52:34,045 --> 00:52:36,045
so it's a risk they have to take.

264
00:52:52,285 --> 00:52:55,205
Have they got the dolphin?
Yeah, I think so. They've got it.

265
00:52:58,525 --> 00:53:01,285
Now speed is key.

266
00:53:10,525 --> 00:53:14,005
We're now bombing across the field
on the way to the release site,

267
00:53:14,005 --> 00:53:16,525
and I think Uzma went ahead of us,
so I'm really hopeful

268
00:53:16,525 --> 00:53:19,045
that she'll get her opportunity
to tag the dolphin.

269
00:53:22,765 --> 00:53:27,045
But rescue missions
don't always go to plan.

270
00:53:37,365 --> 00:53:39,045
A puncture.

271
00:53:46,525 --> 00:53:50,525
The dolphin is quickly moved
to the film crew's truck.

272
00:54:11,405 --> 00:54:14,045
But with no roof for shelter,

273
00:54:14,045 --> 00:54:17,765
the dolphin is at greater risk
of dehydration.

274
00:54:17,765 --> 00:54:20,365
The stakes are high, even right now.

275
00:54:21,365 --> 00:54:24,045
It's a cute little animal
and we don't want it to die.

276
00:54:29,445 --> 00:54:33,125
The team re-route
to the closest release site.

277
00:54:35,285 --> 00:54:37,365
There can be no more delay.

278
00:54:38,525 --> 00:54:41,005
Uzma calls off the tagging.

279
00:54:59,525 --> 00:55:02,205
It's unfortunate
because we were all prepared,

280
00:55:02,205 --> 00:55:05,285
we were very excited since morning,
all geared up,

281
00:55:05,285 --> 00:55:10,045
but hopefully we'll get an
opportunity to tag the next rescue.

282
00:55:20,765 --> 00:55:25,285
A few days later,
Uzma finally gets her chance.

283
00:55:31,325 --> 00:55:34,365
It's a very exciting day for us.

284
00:55:34,365 --> 00:55:36,285
It's OK.

285
00:55:36,285 --> 00:55:40,245
The moment that we have been
waiting for, over ten years.

286
00:55:41,245 --> 00:55:43,125
Just stay calm.

287
00:55:48,245 --> 00:55:50,285
OK, it's good to go.

288
00:55:54,125 --> 00:55:56,365
Congratulations.

289
00:55:56,365 --> 00:55:58,445
Well done.

290
00:56:02,765 --> 00:56:06,325
I am very happy, very happy.

291
00:56:06,325 --> 00:56:08,885
I think it's a great accomplishment.

292
00:56:11,045 --> 00:56:13,765
It's the happiest moment of my life.

293
00:56:20,525 --> 00:56:26,285
Within a few weeks, the tags begin
to reveal some new insights.

294
00:56:28,285 --> 00:56:32,125
They are moving quite a lot,
which we never expected.

295
00:56:32,125 --> 00:56:37,285
So one of the dolphins actually
went about 46km upstream

296
00:56:37,285 --> 00:56:40,845
from the release site, and the
other thing is that we thought

297
00:56:40,845 --> 00:56:43,285
that they will stay
in the main river stream,

298
00:56:43,285 --> 00:56:47,285
but they are using side channels.
It is extremely interesting.

299
00:56:48,285 --> 00:56:51,245
Tracking the movement
of the tagged dolphins

300
00:56:51,245 --> 00:56:53,525
will help Uzma better understand

301
00:56:53,525 --> 00:56:56,525
when and where
they become trapped...

302
00:56:57,765 --> 00:57:02,765
...helping safeguard the future
of this most endangered animal.

303
00:57:08,765 --> 00:57:10,525
Next time...

304
00:57:11,645 --> 00:57:13,245
...forests.

305
00:57:14,845 --> 00:57:17,085
A hidden world...

306
00:57:19,005 --> 00:57:22,525
...where lives are
intimately entwined...

307
00:57:24,365 --> 00:57:27,365
...in the most unexpected ways.

308
00:57:33,045 --> 00:57:37,245
Habitat Explorer brings animals
and their habitats to life.

309
00:57:37,245 --> 00:57:40,885
Explore this free interactive
and make origami animals.

310
00:57:40,885 --> 00:57:44,685
Go to bbc.co.uk/planetearth3

311
00:57:44,685 --> 00:57:47,125
and follow the links
to the Open University.

312
00:57:47,125 --> 00:57:49,525
Or to order a free printed version,

313
00:57:49,525 --> 00:57:52,765
visit the website or call
the number on the screen.


